Amid the dynamic time, a consi... free essay sample

In the midst of the dynamic time, a significant proportion of professional class voters, teachers and instructors, and reformers were moreover hostile towards the political machines. It started in detroit michigan in the midst of the 1890s where a movement of changes were introduced in urban america, commonly made to reduce sullying, inefficiency and degradation. Exactly when director Hazen pingree started the change various contiguous urban zones quickly jumped on and set up working environments to consider the money related plans and structures of the close by government. Various reformers stood out in the most basic urban regions like los angeles, cleveland, new shirt, and some more, especially in the western states. In the midst of the dynamic time frame, there were a lot of changes to the people too. In 1920 an enormous segment of the general people lived in the all the way open rather than in urban zones, yet even they were affected by the dynamic changes trust it or not. We will compose a custom exposition test on In the midst of the dynamic time, a consi or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A huge part of the movements upgraded the lives of everyone in provincial areas, by 1910 over segment of all agriculturists were purchased in or taken after a farm related day by day paper or magazine, where editors from urban zones gave the latest news and advances to grow the viability when it associated with developing, disregarding the way that life in the country was improving, there was so far a significant enthusiasm for better sorts of transportation, the railroad system was by then totally whole yet there was so far a necessity for better avenues to various spots. With the advancement of the auto in 1910 there were a lot of desperate undertakings to update the dirt boulevards and modernize them to furthermore fitting paths and turnpikes made to fit the forefront automobiles as opposed to roads for horses and carts. In 1916 around 2.4 million miles of soil avenues in common zones were upgraded with rading and rock, while 3000 miles were given a full change into quality surfac es. Another huge change in the nation domains in the midst of the dynamic time were schools. Most by far of the schools were incapably bolstered and the educators/boss werent authentic or at a specialist level, generally speaking they were energetic close by women who were unmarried. The progressives had the response for modernize schools through impacting the children to go to current schools where they could be told by authentic master teachers who were guaranteed by the states and colleges while being checked by the state. The confidants didnt agree with it from the outset because of all the extra spending yet later comprehended that it would be increasingly significant for their youths to get a fitting guidance than to work underage. In this way various undertakings were starting to be made away for the youthful, including 4-h, a program set up by the amassed states division of agriculture made to help the juvenile by telling them the best way to wind up unique and useful occupants while preparing them in important major capacities like developing, animal psyche, and eve n carpentry. Various social occasions consolidate youngsters and youngster scouts and even country fairs where prizes were given for the most gainful provincial practices and were later escalated to accomplish more gatherings of spectators. In the south, dull gatherings prepared their own specific unique reformative endeavors. Various included updating schools, sanctuaries and developing business openingsWilliam L. Arbors, Country-Life Reform, 1900â€1920: A Neglected Aspect of Progressive Era History. Rural History 45#3 (1971): 211â€21. in JSTOR

The Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Revolution - Essay Example Huge ranches were like present day processing plants, amazingly composed, and concentrated fundamentally on one objective: that of improving creation. The slaves had a particular undertaking appointed to them and they were relied upon to do a particular measure of the work every day. They were typically investigated by an administrator who might regularly be coldblooded and rude, pushing them past human continuance. The proprietor was generally not present or glanced in on the work at reasonable interims, collaborating just with the supervisor. The absolute harshest medicines to the slaves were allotted everywhere manors of sugar, rice, or cotton of the Old South. On a little estate or a homestead, then again, the slaves were given various errands to do straightforwardly by their lord, and were progressively a piece of the family unit since they worked in the home just as the field. There was no administrator, and all the work was given out by the proprietor himself. This gave the sl aves a superior feeling of having a place, and they were dealt with much better, on the grounds that generally they were more similar to workers in European family units than tormented slaves. The phrasejumping the brush comes

Understanding Editing Services

Understanding Editing ServicesWhen you hire an editing service to edit your work for you, you are paying them to review the material you have supplied and make alterations to it, so they can turn it into a final product that meets your company's specifications. There are many different types of editing services available. They can be found on the internet by searching for them and selecting the one you require.The editing service will most likely look at the text first before deciding what changes should be made to it. This is done by working out what is needed to give the entire document a better shape and a new and more professional look.There are two main types of editing services, which are based around the format in which the text is presented. These are called insert and delete. It is the insert editing process that determines how much text is allowed to appear at one time. The delete editing process is used to remove paragraphs of text.The type of document that will be edited depends on the editing service that is chosen. In this case, the document will be altered to remove any punctuation marks that are not correct and to re-word any wording that is incorrect. Corrections can also be made to the grammar.Some editing services do not edit documents but simply copy them to a form. For example, the document could be sent to other staff members or any other place that the company sends documents. It may be a good idea to send the document to a service that is able to proofread the document and add corrections if necessary.Editing services have come a long way since the days when a single person could write a document. Today's editing service works by using a team of people who take turns to review and re-edit the work being done. The document remains the same throughout the editing process.Editing can be very involved. A copy edit is a process that can take a long time to complete. As such, it is very important that any changes that need to be made to the do cument must be carried out quickly so that the editing process can be completed as quickly as possible. Any delay could result in the original text no longer being read by the end users of the document.In conclusion, it is important to know the editing service that is going to be used to edit the document. Doing this will allow you to find the most suitable editing service to carry out the job. This will make sure that the document remains the same as it was at the start of the editing process and will enable the document to be read correctly by the end users.

Students Perceptions Of Social Work - 1934 Words

Research Article Critique Michael Bolden SOW 370 11 A Type of research design? This article critique was formulation from Dennison, S. T., Poole, J., Qaqish, B. (2007) article â€Å"Students Perceptions of Social Work: Implications for Strengthening the Image of Social Work among College Students†. The survey combined both qualitative and quantitative design. The first portion of the study related how much knowledge students had of social workers. It also noted the perception their friends, family members and other aquatints had on their perception of social work. This knowledge was used to dispel the negative association of social work professionals and clarify their duties. Then the study talked about the pay scale and an individual’s willingness to become a social worker. This study began with in-depth, open-ended qualitative interviews to gain an understanding of the negative views of social workers (p 5). After collecting and analyzing the data using qualitative data analysis techniques, quantitative methods c ould be used to examine how many respondents felt about becoming a social worker. What is the purpose of this study? This study was used to improve the public perception and provide a better understanding of the social work profession (p 5). It used the perceptions and attitudes of college students to identify their understanding of the social work profession (p 5). What is the research question?Show MoreRelatedMental Health And Social Work1135 Words   |  5 Pagesworkers declines, the amount of recent college graduates increase. Additionally, as more individuals aim to obtain a Social Work degree many have been reluctant to enter the mental health field due to stigmas and negative attitudes surrounding mental health patients. This has brought up the question of whether or not students within social work department and students not in social work would be comfortable working with individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental illness. In order to successfullyRead MoreStudent s Perceptions Of Homeless Persons Essay886 Words   |  4 Pages Student’s Perceptions of Homeless Persons Of Different Ethnic or Racial Heritage Kevin Knox Missouri State University Summer 2015 Submitted to: Dr. Michelle Day Dr. Joan McClennen â€Æ' The life experience students in the human services field bring with them may affect their ability to interact with certain populations. These life experiences form the basis of each individual’s perceptions of certain situations, populations, or individuals. These perceptions may be influenced by their politicalRead MorePerceptions. Through My Literature Review, Several Perspectives1580 Words   |  7 PagesPerceptions Through my literature review, several perspectives have been examined when measuring school climate including: parents, students and teachers. These are not often looked at together, but separate indicators of a positive school climate. In many of the studies reviewed, fourth and fifth grade students completed a survey using a school climate index to determine their perception of the climate in schools. There is a relationship between school climate and student behavior at all schoolsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Social Media And Elearning1541 Words   |  7 PagesAn investigation into the relationship between the use of social media and eLearning. Case of UK university students Introduction Interactions, communication and sharing have been extensive in today’s globalized world. This includes the circulation of billions and millions of messages, photos, videos and other contents in various social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube (Bullas, 2012). In here, collaboration and teamwork as well as critical thinking are seen to significantlyRead MoreEffectiveness Of A Wide Used Peer Support Program989 Words   |  4 PagesSocial workers have many different job duties but their main concerns are helping people with their problems and listening to them. Qualative research is a very important step with a social worker. With the research method, it provides the social worker with a better understanding of their patient’s issues and what is needed for that person. Social workers use qualitative research to find the best possible way to help others. Qualitative research can be useful in sensitive or complex situations.Read MoreFour Learning Styles TEAC21 Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesrely on sensing as a mode of perception and thinking as a means of judgment or decision making. They prefer well-organized, highly-reutilized classrooms where expectations are clearly described and strongly related to practical outcomes such as good grades, things they can make or do, and practical connections to jobs and careers. More than anything else Mastery learners want to appear competent, able to complete the work assigned as well or better than other students in their classrooms or gradeRead MoreA Research Study On Alcohol Abuse836 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Bandura’s concept of â€Å"reciprocal determinism† related to Social Learning Theory (1978) and Life Course Theory (Elder, 1998) as developmental theory will help explain that victimization (a risk factor) as a direct or indirect predictor of adolescents’ alcohol abuse, as well as interpersonal relationship with family and peers as a protective factor, which can moderate the predictive effect of victimization on self-perception, perception towards alcohol, and alcohol abuse. In the proposed path analysisRead MoreEvaluation Of Monitoring The Future1112 Words   |  5 PagesA., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E. since 1991 from the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. They collect data every year from approximately 130 public and private secondary schools (8th grade to 12th grade) across 48 states in the United States. They are collecting data from 8th and 10th graders since 1991. Monitoring the Future is an ongoing study about secondary students’ behaviors, attitudes, values, and drug and alcohol abuse. Monitoring the Future study is funded byRead MoreExploring The Potential Impact Of A Classroom Learning Environment And Faculty Teaching Approaches1473 Words   |  6 Pagesand social or cultural influences affecting the growth and development of an adult engaged in an educational enterprise† (Hiemst ra,1991, p. 8). The purpose of this analysis paper is to explore the potential impact of a classroom learning environment and faculty-teaching approaches on the student learning in higher education institution and answer the following question: Is it the learning environment that dictates student learning or is it the faculty-teaching approaches that dictate student learningRead MoreThe Importance Of An Apology For A Deficient Audit925 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 , 200-400 words, worth 4% Discuss how both articles review the literature and compare the literature review a; Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure b; Students Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting Review of literature: The information on the subject is not lacking but the inferences of various investigations are not consistent and differ greatly according to the material

Illegal Immigration Essay - 1105 Words

Illegal Immigration One of the most controversial political issues of today is that of illegal immigrants from Mexico. Illegal immigration into the United States is a problem that should be stopped, as it is unfair to both Americans and to the people of the country from which they illegally immigrated. It is thought that the majority of illegal aliens residing in the U.S. are Mexicans (Anderson 55). Roy Beck clarifies the situation by stating, The national consensus is that the United States should be a post-mass immigration country has included most leaders of business, religion, labor, academia, and social work. Illegal immigration from Mexico must be stopped by means of different policies and other methods of prevention,†¦show more content†¦Jorge Compos, a 22 year old who has been caught trying to immigrate illegally multiple times, exclaimed that, There’s migration officers on horses, on motorbikes, on foot, an in Broncos. They’re everywhere. Illegal immigration impacts Mexico in many negative ways, by hurting it’s economy and leaving Mexico without much needed technically skilled professionals. Illegal immigrants cost Mexico heavily in terms of human capital. This decreases the amount of the work force, keeping some Mexican communities in poverty. Overall, illegal immigration usually leads to family discourse and larger social problems in Mexico (Illegal 1). Mexico’s successful professionals tend not to stay in Mexico; doctors and multiple others are leaving the country to take lower paying jobs in the U.S. (McDonnell 4). Julio Cesar, a Mexican citizen comments on this situation saying, I think Mexico needs people to stay and build up this country. The United States takes on most of the shortfalls, that illegal immigration causes; having to deal with the abuse of social services by non-citizens, the taking of citizens’ jobs and the lowering of their wages and sinking of the common lifestyles, overall threatening the quality of life in certain communities.Show MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration 1280 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been a source of mounting concern in the United States since the 1970’s. Statistics indicate that the past ten years have witnessed an increase in the number of illegal immigrants with the number estimated to increase in the future. â€Å"The percentage of illegal immigrant population from Mexico was 59% (or 6.8 million) as of January 2013. Other countries with large amounts are El Salvador (660,000) Guatemala (52000), Hondorous (380,000) and China (280,000)† (Infoplease 1). TheRead MoreIllegal immigration2120 Words   |  9 PagesAlien Invasion Illegal immigration is widespread throughout the United States. There are 12 million or more illegal aliens in the United States, this number continues to rise (Swartz). This influx of illegal immigrants causes jobless Americans to lose out on opportunities. Employers choose to pay illegal immigrants lower wages than American workers. Is it right to pay illegal immigrants less than Americans to do the same job? Should the illegal immigrants be deported? Should border control be increasedRead MoreIllegal Immigration1753 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration The Economy of Illegal Immigration The Economy of Illegal Immigration Americans on a daily basis are bombarded with broadcasts from newspapers, television, and special interest groups on the economic burdens created by illegal immigrants. Reports and statistics of growing state and local deficits; is it fact or fiction? In reality, undocumented Mexicans are necessary to the health of our economy. They provide a workforce in agriculture they keep the costs down; theyRead MoreIllegal Immigration598 Words   |  3 Pagesl ARTICLE ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Migration has always represented an important factor in society’s development. Ever since ancient times, people have been travelling around the world, some staying only for a while, some choosing to set (A SE STABILI) in certain areas, getting married and starting a family with a local partner. Consequently, cultures and languages mixed and this is how powerful nations like England, The USA, Germany were born. This phenomenon of migration also takes place nowadaysRead MoreIllegal Immigration1709 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration: The Undocumented Issue In this paper I will discuss one of the biggest issues in the United States: Illegal immigrants. Some may say that illegal immigration has a positive impact on the United States’ economy, and some think that these undocumented immigrants affect jobs and wages of people that are living in this country. I think that illegal immigrants harm the United States’ economy through their use of our country’s social services such as health care, education andRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants949 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most recen t estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. ThisRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 PagesA. Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When itRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Illegal Immigration is a huge topic especially in 2017, bringing in different aspects about illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants are told to be killers, drug dealers, job stealers and whom also hurt the U.S. economy. Is this true? Could it possibly be that they do all of this to hurt the United States? Or could it be that they truly come here for the American Dream? On one side of people’s perspectives illegal immigrants come here to help provide for their family and don’t take

Historical Characteristics Of Ancient Egypt Essay

Civilizations since the beginning of recorded history, and even before, have developed their worldview and religion based on their location and geographical surroundings. These influences would be evident in some circumstances and in others might to be subtler. A prime example of a people group that was molded by the location of the civilization is Egypt. Egypt is located in Northern Africa and is surrounded by and impacted by the Sahara Desert, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and running through the civilization is the Nile River. These geographical characteristics play a vital role in the development of the politics, religion, and architecture of the ancient Egypt civilization. Before explaining the developments of these disciplines of ancient Egypt, these geographical characteristics and their general impact on this civilization must be explained. About 95 percent of Egypt’s population was concentrated in less than 5 percent of Egyptian land. This small percentage of lan d that a mass majority of the population was located on was located alongside the Nile River (Humanities, 15). The Nile River is the single most impactful geographical marker for the ancient Egyptian people, and is also the most fundamental in the consideration of the importance of location’s impact on a people group’s worldview. The Nile river ran on a very consistent schedule that would give the Egyptian people security for the growth of their crops. First, the river would consistently floodShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations1009 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Civilizations Ancient Civilizations were more pronounced in the Bronze Age. This historical period lies between 4000 to 1200 BCE. Ostensibly, these civilizations were triggered by the onset of irrigations systems, which concomitantly increased food and water supply. Irrigation schemes and availability of food set precedence for people tens of thousands of people to live together in a common geographical location. Cities, states, and centrally developed kingdoms developed. From historicalRead MoreThe Impact of Ancient Egypt1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt is a civilization of wealth and structure that flourished along the Nile River in northeastern Africa from about 3300 B.C to 30 B.C. In over 3,000 years, one of the most sophisticated and creative societies advanced where no other civilization did. 2,000 years later, it would be hard to think about the world without the impact of ancient Egypt, because it seems to have significantly affected every field of our American culture. The Egyptians have heavilyRead MoreNefertiti: the infamous Queen of Egypt, known throughout the ages for her spectacular beauty. But1100 Words   |  5 PagesNefertiti: the infamous Queen of Egypt, known throughout the ages for her spectacular beauty. But Nefertiti was much more than a pretty face. Though very little is known of her childhood, it is made clear through ancient images that Nefertiti was very powerful. Even after her strange disappearance, it is possible that she could have continued to rule beside her husband (as a man), or eve n assumed the position of Pharaoh under an alias. Like her origins, her fate is clouded by fiction as well. HerRead MoreAncient Egyptian Portraitures Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the pyramids, mummies, and hieroglyphs. The theme of the exhibition is about racial types in Ancient Egyptian Art it will survey the various naturalistic facial features found in the non-royal sculptures. In contrast, the Royal portraits are extremely symbolic in representing human figures with the combination of human gods and animal forms that tend to portray idealized, conventional faces of Egypt. Utilizing objects from the permanent collection at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, this exhibit willRead MoreAncient Egyptians And The Egyptian Hieroglyphs1493 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Egyptian hieroglyphs were a prescribed writing system by the ancient Egyptians to represent their language, it was a combined system with logographic and alphabetic elements. Logographic systems were the earliest form of writing system, which were used in Africa, China and Central America (History-world, 2015). Egyptians used hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The early hieroglyphs dates back to 3,300 BCE and was still used up until the end of the fourth centuryRead MorePeriods of Greek Art682 Words   |  3 Pages Greek art has changed throughout the years, yet some basic forms have remained. Time, technique, as well as historical events have helped shape the way art has evolved since 600 B.C. Three important periods in Greek art are the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. We will discuss how art has changed throughout these periods, what influences led to change, as well as why it changed. We will also discuss what has remained constant through these periods. Since people’s perceptions and tasteRead MoreThe Similarities And Differences Of Greek And Egyptian Civilizations1068 Words   |  5 PagesTwo widely known ancient civilizations in history are those of the Greeks and the Egyptians. Both are famous in their history and favored by many. Each of these civilizations were built from the ground up, and they developed their own culture, practices, religions, and architectures. Although these two civilizations are similar in having this development, they differ significantly in each of these aspects of life. In this essay, we will observe the similarities and differences of Greek and EgyptianRead MoreCore Values Of Civilization1005 Words   |  5 Pagestasked with not only establishing and maintaining a civilization but as well as determining the core values and characteristics of the civilization in question. The core values of civilization are the use of tools and technology for life enhancement, social and political organization, and an agreed upon settlement and language. The use of tools and technology is one of the basic characteristics of civilization in that it allows the civilization the better itself. A common representation in media whenRead More   the  Expansion  of  Ancient  Egypt  and  Its  Historical   Significance  2393 Words   |  10 Pages   The  Expansion  of  Ancient  Egypt  and  Its  Historical   Significance                                                         Introduction   The  external  expansion  of  Ancient  Egypt,  traditionally,  consisted  of  two  areas:  Libya   on   the   north,   especially   Palestine   and   Syria;   Nubia   on   the   south.   What   Egypt   imposed  on  Nubia  was  the  colonial  rule,  while  its  control  of  Palestine  and  Syria  was   loose.  Egypt’s  penetration  to  Nubia  and  West  Asia  could  be  divided  into  two  stages,   the  Old  Kingdom  period  and  the  Middle  Kingdom  periodRead More The Myth of Exodus Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagesand God’s power over other gods. In this paper I will explore what appears to be the chief reasoning behind the creation of the Exodus myth – the explanation of the creation of a monotheistic religion and the similarities of the Exodus myth to the ancient myths, as well as how one should approach the reading of the myth. First of all, we need to understand what a myth is. William Bascom says in his essay, â€Å"The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives†, â€Å"Myths are prose narratives which, in the society

Stress Fracture Of Lumbar Spine Sample †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stress Fracture Of Lumbar Spine. Answer: Introduction This report is based on football-associated stress fracture of the lumbar spine. Football is the worlds most loved game. Its history dates back to more than a century. It began in the year 1863 when Football Association of England was first formed. It was the first body formed to govern the sports (Walvin, 2014). The earliest form of the game dates back to the Han dynasty of China. Another variation of the game originated in the Far East as well and this was named the Kemari, which originated in Japan. Moreover, the Greeks and the Romans also had other variations to this game like the Episkryos and the Harpastum, respectively (Ryynnen, 2015). In 1882, the football related associations in England collaborated to create the International Football Association Board (IFAB). FIFA was established in the year 1904 in Paris and it became a part of IFAB in the year 1913. At that time, FIFA had only 7 countries as its members but now it consists of 208 members. This game involves the participa tion of 11 players from each team. The players need to maneuver the ball and hit it inside the oppositions goal post. This game involves the skillful use of ones legs and feet and as a result, it is associated with a number of injuries (Sorez, 2012). Knee injuries are the most common form of injuries associated with football. Knee injuries involve the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligament injuries. Others include ankle sprains, torn meniscus, torn hamstrings, muscle contusions, shoulder dislocation and shoulder tendinitis (Whittaker et al., 2015). Stress fracture of the lumbar spine is another type of injury associated with football. This is medically known as Spondylolysis. It is caused due to overuse of ones lower back. It is the most common form of injury to the lower back associated with various games including football. It occurs in the lowermost lumbar vertebra named L5 (Kobayashi et al., 2013). The L5 is situated at the junction of the lumbar spine and the pelvis. This part remains highly stresses during various physical activities, which involves continuous moving and maneuvering. Heavy muscular forces can cause the micro fractures in the lumbar spine. It involves severe pain in the lower back. Thi s causes restrictions in the movement of the player (Murthy, 2012). This report describes the football-associated injury termed Spondylolysis or stress fracture of lumbar spine. Firstly, it provides a classification of stress fractures, diagnosis and the causes associated with this type of injury. Secondly, it provides treatment and rehabilitation programs. Lastly, it provides a prevention measures associated with the injury. Classification and Diagnosis Lumbar spine provides support and stability to the upper part of the body. An injury to this region changes the lumbar vertebral shape, thereby affecting the posture. Spondylolysis can be classified as (1) dysplastic, which is usually congenital, (2) degenerative, which is generally associated with old age, (3) isthmic, which is usually associated with sports, (4) traumatic, which occurs following previous fractures and (5) pathologic, which involves either a localized or generalized disease of the bone. Dysplastic spondylolysis occurs as a result of abnormalities present in the pper scarum or it involves the arch present in the L5. Isthmic Spondylolysis occurs because of lesion development, which can cause a lytic-fatige fracture of pars. Degenerative spondylolysis involves instability of the pars segments (Long Whang, 2015). X-Rays are not useful to detect early stages of stress fractures of the lumbar spine. X-rays can only detect them at the late stages when it is beyond treatment. A radiograph helps to identify compression fracture of the vertebra (Cicala et al., 2013). It also helps to determine the height loss of the vertebra, increase in distance between the pedicles, alignment of the vertebra, among others. However, various scanning techniques can be used to diagnose stress fractures. These are magnetic resonance imaging or MRI, Computed Tomography scan or CT-Scan or a simple bone scan. However, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography or SPECT is superior to both CT and MRI in the detection of Spondylolysis (Patel et al., 2016). SPECT and CT reveals the presence of number of lesions detected in the pars interarticularis. Unilateral spondylolysis involves the presence of increased bone uptake and sclerosis in the contralateral part of the pars interarticularis as observed by SPECT and CT. Advanc ed stages result in the presence of sclerosis and pedicle, lamina overgrowth. MRI reveals the presence of bony edema, which helps to determine the age of the fracture. CT scan helps to determine the bone anatomy like height loss, canal compromise and fragment retropulsion (Elgazzar, 2017). High amount pressure on the lower vertebra can give rise to stress fractures. This results in the formation of tiny cracks in the lower vertebra, particularly the L5 or the fifth lumbar vertebra. This results in lower back pain as a result of rotation, extension and flexion movements. These movements affect the posterior portions of the spinal column, resulting in the formation of micro fractures in the bone (Gellhorn Katz Suri, 2013). It is particularly observed in young sports players. Overextending or overstretching of the lower back can give rise to can give rise to a lot of stress. These are common among weight lifters, gymnasts and footballers (Sasaji, 2016). Overuse of back muscles results in fatigue and results in its inability to absorb shocks. Repetitive shocks can give rise to tiny cracks in the vertebrae. Chronic pain in the lower back is the most common symptom. This may result from compressive or mechanical pain. Spondylolysis can also lead to Spondylolisthesis. This r esults in slippage of one vertebra over the other. The resulting slipped vertebra can put pressure on the spinal canal space, thereby constraining the nerves (Raastad et al., 2015). This pressure can also lead to back, leg and hip pain. It can also result in numbness of the feet. Other factors that can cause stress fractures are the genetic constitution of an individual and osteoporosis. Treatment and Rehabilitation An effective and acute treatment program is needed for players suffering from stress fractures of the lumbar spine. The treatment usually begins after diagnosis and involves advocating of complete rest to the athlete. The player is needed to stop the various routine exercises and any movements that may cause in pain development. If the pain continues after 3 weeks, it means that the player in getting insufficient rest or may need the support of a back brace. Back braces help to maintain the proper positioning of the back in order to speed up the healing process (Lee et al., 2012). Periodic X-Rays are needed to determine if the back is in proper position. If non-surgical treatment does not help to keep the back in proper position, a spinal fusion is recommended. In this procedure, screws and rods are used which helps to keep the vertebra in the proper position alongside the healing process. This in turn helps to stop the motion of a a vertebral segment, thereby reducing the pain (Wu e t al., 2012). However, there are risks involved with this procedure, which involves infection, bleeding, blood vessel injury and poor healing of wounds. Moreover, ibuprofen, which is an inhibitor of inflammation, can be used to heal the pain. Apart from the use of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants can also be used (Patrick, Emanski Knaub, 2016). Medications directed against narcotic pain and against neuropathic pain (like tricyclic antidepressants) can be used. Other techniques for treatment of pain involve analgesic patches, which are localized and intercostals nerve blocks or transcutaneous nerve stimulatory units (Wong McGirt, 2013). The rehabilitation program begins after the treatment phase. If the pain subsides and the player is able to perform daily activities, the athlete is allowed to progress to the rehabilitation program. The rehabilitation program begins in the second month after diagnosis, since the first month is associated with various surgical or non-surgical treatments. The rehabilitation program is characterized by physical therapy with the help of an experienced physiotherapist (Peterson Renstrom, 2016). Physical therapy involves various exercises like the lumbar and core exercises for stabilization, core exercises for generation of core stability, exercises that strengthen the legs and the hips. Other exercises involve postural taping, soft tissue massaging and Spinal Proprioceptive Extension Exercise Dynamic Program (SPEED) (Papa, 2012). Moreover, these exercises also help to make the muscles flexible to allow proper movement. Exercise programs can also be designed to enable the players to prac tice at home. Activities that provide lesser amounts of stress can be introduced. However, activities that put a lot of pressure on the spine like rotation or back arching is avoided. If the player is able to carry out the physical therapy and the low stress activities, then they are allowed to progress to the third phase of the rehabilitation program. The third phase involves continuation of the exercise programs both at home and at the rehabilitation center. Physical therapy exercises are also increased. The players are allowed to return to their sports, however, it is a gradual and progressive return, which involves a set of parameters and guidelines set out by the medical practitioner or physiotherapist (Garet et al., 2013). However, participation in the sport should not be carried out on consecutive days. On reoccurrence of pain, the activities and exercises are needed to be reduced. Prevention measures Stress fracture of the lumbar spine usually causes lower back pain that occurs on one side of the back rather than the center (Lotz, Fields Liebenberg, 2013). It occurs as a mild pain in the beginning and progresses to chronic pain following activities like jumping, running, kicking, among others. This is mostly common among young athletes like footballers. However, various preventative measures can be followed to avoid the development of stress fractures in the lumbar spine. These are: Maintenance of good physical condition during off seasons and not overexerting oneself during the peak seasons. Activities that require high impact like jumping, running, rotation and back arching should be increased in a gradual manner. It is necessary to take day-offs in order to give rest to the back muscles and the body as a whole. It is necessary to avoid participating in the sport throughout the year, as it puts a lot of pressure on the muscles and the vertebra. Maintenance of good flexibility of the hip and hamstring flexors, strength of the core, lumbar and abdominal muscles. Female athletes should be checked to determine their bone mass density (BMD), which helps to understand the quality of their bone health (Chen, Tenforde Fredericson, 2013). Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation can also help to prevent stress fracture. Orthotic devices can prevent lower back stress fractures by shock absorptions. Insoles that absorb shocks are very effective in preventing stress fractures (Kendall, Bird Azari, 2014). Other injuries like those in the ankle can be prevented by the use of balance boards and proprioceptive training. Strengthening programs help to reduce hamstring, knee and groin sprains. Conclusion Lumbar spine generally provides support to the entire upper part of the body. However, continuous strains on the lower vertebra, particularly L5 can give rise to the generation of small fractures. Continuous pressure through various exercises and continuous tournaments lead to the development of a large number of these micro fractures, which eventually results in inability of the vertebrae to absorb shocks causing pain of the lower back. Initially mild pain ensues, which then progresses to severe and chronic pain. The player is unable to carry out normal movements and carry on with their game. With the appearance of mild pain, it is essential for the player to consult a medical practitioner for proper diagnosis. Diagnosis generally involves X-rays, radiographs, MRI, CT scan, SPECT, among others. Such stress fractures of the lumbar spine are generally observed among the athletes who perform gymnastics, weight lifting, footballers, and cricketers, among others. Such athletes require ro tation and arching of their backs continuously. Various treatments that are available involve proper rest and consumption of NSAIDs, in order to relieve the pain. However, back braces can also be used. Surgical treatments involve the spinal fusion technique, which employs screws and rods to keep the vertebra in proper position, preventing it from slipping. Following treatment, the athlete is advised to participate in a rehabilitation program, which involves physical therapy under the guidance of an experienced physiotherapist. Moreover, it involves various exercises that help to stabilize and strengthen the core, lumbar, legs and hip muscles. Other techniques are postural taping, soft tissue massage and SPEED programs. However, it is necessary for the athletes to prevent such occurrence of stress fractures in the future. The athlete needs to provide sufficient rest to his/her body in order to prevent stress. Nutritional supplementations like calcium and vitamin D helps to prevent st ress fractures of the lumbar spine. Moreover, orthotic devices are also known to prevent development of stress fractures in the future. Thus, from the above discussions it can be concluded that stress fractures if severe and not diagnosed properly can give rise to serious consequences and affect the ability of the athlete to participate in the game in the future. References Chen, Y. T., Tenforde, A. S., Fredericson, M. (2013). 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